Ecological apparency, ethnobotanical importance and perceptions of population status of wild-growing medicinal plants in a reserve of south-central Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The apparency hypothesis in ethnobotany (common plants are used more than less frequent ones) has been studied mostly by comparing usefulness with woody plant density, or large plants (trees) with herbs, with uneven results. Here, we explore the hypothesis for wild-growing medicinal plants, separately for different life forms. Two methodological subjects relevant for testing the hypothesis are also treated: We compare various importance indicators, including recent use, and evaluate active healers' knowledge of plant population size. The study area was the Tenancingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán Protected Natural Area in central Mexico in the upper part of the Balsas River Basin, a biogeographic region with a long tradition of using wild medicinal species. METHODS: Previous work on the vegetation of the protected area contributed information from 100 survey plots and a species list, which included preliminary data on the medicinal plants. Then, in 2019-2020, we held in-depth and repeated interviews with 13 traditional healers in three rural communities. They were interviewed on uses and population size of a selection of 52 medicinal species of different life forms and abundance (number of individuals in survey plots). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, use values and linear regression models. RESULTS: For all species, use value correlated significantly with abundance. When separated by life forms, only herbs and shrubs/lianas showed this association, though with statistical limitations. Trees did not, perhaps because some of the most useful trees have been overcollected. We found a good correlation of recent use with frequency of mention and most other importance indicators; the correlation was weakest for number of uses. Also, active healers had a good estimation of population of their collected species. CONCLUSIONS: The apparency hypothesis should be studied separating life forms to reduce the influence of this variable. To measure importance for the study of this hypothesis, the data show that frequency of mention is a good indicator and correlated with actual use. Also, local plant users' appreciations of population size are quite accurate in the aggregate and may be more efficient than costly vegetation surveys.

Understanding consumers' perception and consumption motives towards amaranth in Mexico using the Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical concept of Habitus.

The aim of this work was to study, from a sociological approach, the perception and consumption motives of amaranth in Mexico using Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical concept of Habitus. A survey was conducted in Mexico City with 610 consumers. Socioeconomic information of gender, age, cultural and economic capitals as internal dispositions that generate social differentiation processes were collected. Consumers' perception was identified using an open question through which participants mentioned why they consider the consumption of amaranth to be good. Words, phrases or comments mentioned were grouped into categories through the lemmatization process, and analysed with Global, Per-Cell Chi Square tests and Correspondence Analysis. A Food Choice Questionnaire was used to identify consumption motives of amaranth through Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cluster analysis to identify groups of consumers according to their consumption motives. Results indicated eight categories that reflect consumers' perception towards amaranth (Health and well-being, Functionality, Mitigate hunger, Nutritional components, Nutrition, Feeding, Traditional food and Energy), which converge upon traditionality and functionality. Consumption motives were differentiated into "food as form" and "food as function". Cluster analysis showed distinction in the perception and taste for amaranth. Gender, age, cultural capital and willingness to buy novel food products with added amaranth are markers that reflect internal dispositions of consumers according to their class adscription, and therefore represent their Habitus.

Prácticas curativas y plantas medicinales: un acercamiento a la etnomedicina de San Nicolás, México / Healing practices and medicinal plants: an approach to the ethnomedicine of San Nicolás, México

Existe interés por las prácticas curativas de la medicina tradicional como forma de curación/sanación alterna y complementaria. El objetivo del artículo es documentar las prácticas curativas y las plantas medicinales que actualmente se utilizan en una comunidad rural del Estado de México. Desde la etnomedicina, se abordan las explicaciones cognitivas de los sujetos que participan del binomio salud-enfermedad. Se utilizó el método etnográfico para obtener y sistematizar información sobre las percepciones acerca de las prácticas curativas y plantas medicinales. Las prácticas son el resultado del conocimiento acumulado sobre el ambiente y se llevan a cabo por el interés de ayudar, más que por beneficio económico. Se concluye que la herbolaria es un indicativo de: 1) la pervivencia de la cosmovisión mesoamericana para tratar enfermedades de cuerpo y espíritu; 2) se privilegia una atención integral del paciente y 3) el ambiente físico que rodea a las personas es un botiquín bio-cultural.

Condiciones ambientales en el uso de plantas medicinales en una comunidad otomí de México / Environmental conditions in the use of medicinal plants in an Otomí community in Mexico

El objetivo del presente artículo es proporcionar información actualizada sobre el uso de plantas medicinales en una comunidad otomí que se localiza en el Estado de México, adentro del altiplano central mexicano. Mediante el método etnográfico y etnobiológico se estudian el uso tradicional de las plantas medicinales, las formas en que las personas acceden a ellas y las innovaciones que se realizan en torno a la curación con plantas y métodos alternativos. El artículo discute los procesos que originan los cambios en el sistema de salud-enfermedad entre los otomíes del Estado de México y la percepción de la población de dichos cambios. Por lo anterior, se concluye que el conocimiento de plantas medicinales en la comunidad se sitúa en un continuum entre lo tradicional, lo moderno y lo innovador.